制备方法对煤焦油模型化合物裂解催化剂Ni/Al_2O_3结构及性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法、浸渍沉淀法和机械化学法(市售载体和自制载体)制备了Cat-1、Cat-2、Cat-3和Cat-4四种催化剂,通过BET、H_2-TPR、XRD、XPS和NH_3-TPD等表征催化剂的结构特征,考察了各催化剂对煤焦油模型化合物甲苯和芘(3%,质量分数)裂解反应性能的影响。结果表明,四种催化剂均为介孔材料,且Cat-4的介孔有序度更高,比表面积最大,达235 m~2/g。Cat-4催化剂中,NiAl_2O_4尖晶石的还原峰面积最高,占总面积的85.2%,还原后Ni的分散度最大,粒径最小,约为10.0 nm,意味着活性位点多。实验表明,除Cat-1外,其他催化剂对芘的裂解活性基本相当,其中,Cat-4作用下的析碳量最低,为10.84%,经Cat-1、Cat-2和Cat-3裂解后,体系中的析碳量分别较Cat-4增加了35.0%、74.7%和45.7%。可见,机械化学法制备的催化剂不仅具有最高的比表面积利于活性组分分散,而且NiAl_2O_4尖晶石含量最高,可抑制裂解过程中积炭的生成,因而最适宜于甲苯+芘裂解体系。     

Modeling of catalytic coke formation in thermal cracking reactors

At the start-up period, the most important mechanism in the coke production with a clean reactor surface is the catalytic mechanism. The study of this mechanism can be very useful for the better comprehension of the coke production process. In this paper, a model was designed for such a production through the utilization of a catalytic mechanism and a kinetic model, capable of interpreting the catalytic coke production on the reactor surface. For the determination of the model reliability, the experimental data related to the naphtha feed, existing in literature, were used. In addition, the constant parameters of the model, the velocity and the activation energy constants, associated to the kinetic model, were calculated. The results of the developed model were in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. Eventually, the catalytic coke amount in comparison with the total coke production on the reactor surface and its significance were under investigation.     

大庆蜡油催化裂化过程中的质子化裂化反应

在小型固定流化床装置上采用酸性催化剂进行了多系列不同反应深度的催化裂化实验,对大庆VGO催化裂化过程中发生的质子化裂化反应进行了初步的研究。在重质油的催化裂化过程中会出现二次质子化裂化反应。二次质子化裂化反应主要是由于汽油中烷烃重新在酸性催化剂上形成五配位正碳离子随后分解所造成,其产生的原因主要是由于反应后期催化剂对反应中间产物的选择性吸附改变所致。二次质子化裂化反应对温度不敏感。大庆VGO在500℃下反应时二次质子化裂化反应约占整个质子化裂化反应的60%。     

IM-5分子筛在Ni-Cu催化剂甲烷热裂解制氢反应中的作用研究

甲烷热裂解制氢并生成高附加值的纳米碳材料,被认为是极具发展前景的氢气生产途径,但高性能催化剂的研发仍存在诸多挑战.我们选择多种载体(TS-1、 IM-5、 Y、介孔SiO₂、 γ-Al₂O₃、 CNTs),采用浸渍法制备Ni-Cu负载催化剂,通过低温N2吸附-脱附、 XRD、 SEM和H₂-TPR等系列表征方法对样品进行分析,考察不同载体对催化剂甲烷裂解制氢和纳米碳材料的影响.实验结果发现,分子筛载体独特的孔道结构有利于金属颗粒的分散,能有效避免反应中界面效应导致的催化剂失活,可提高催化剂反应活性并延长反应寿命,也显著提高了其碳产率.其中以IM-5分子筛为载体的催化剂表现最佳,在反应温度为700℃时, NiCu/IM-5催化剂甲烷转化率高达80%,氢气选择性达100%,反应400 min后活性未见明显降低. NiCu/IM-5催化剂碳产率高达1 446 g_C/g_cat,是NiCu/SiO₂催化剂的5.7倍, NiCu/γ-Al     

Cobalt ferrite for direct cracking of methane to produce hydrogen and carbon nanostructure: Effect of temperature and methane flow rate

Cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) was used as a catalyst for direct methane cracking. The reaction was accomplished in a fixed bed reactor at normal atmospheric pressure, while gas flow rate (20–50 mL/min) and reaction temperature (800–900 °C) were varied. The fresh CoFe₂O₄ morphology is sponge-like particle with inverse spinel structure as revealed from SEM and XRD results. The methane conversions and hydrogen formation rate were increased with reaction temperature, while catalyst stability and induction period decreased. Increases of gas flow rate > 20 mL/min led to a decrease the overall catalytic activity of CoFe₂O₄ for methane cracking. The XRD results of spent catalysts revealed that CoFe alloy was the active phase of methane cracking. TGA analysis showed that the largest amount of deposited carbon was 70.46 % at (20 mL/min, 900 °C), where it was 34.40 % at (50 mL/min, 800 °C). The deposited carbon has the shape of spherical carbon nanostructures and/or nano sprouts as observed with SEM. Raman data confirmed the graphitization type of the deposited carbon.     

n‐Butane Monomolecular Cracking on Acidic Zeolites: A Density Functional Study

采用5T簇模型,利用密度泛函理论在B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平下研究正丁烷在酸性分子筛上的单分子催化裂解反应。本文重点详细研究了正丁烷在分子筛表面不同C位的脱氢反应。在B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平下计算所得第一和第二位C-C键裂解的活化能垒分别为 238、217 kJ/mol。而第一第二序位脱氢反应能垒分别为296、242 kJ/mol。正丁烷不同序位脱氢反应的活化能垒相差54 kJ/mol。从计算结果可以看出,正丁烷在分子筛上催化裂解脱氢反应优先发生在第二位C原子上。此外,本文还讨论了簇模型结构与酸性的关系,结果显示改变封端Si-H键的键长的方法可以用来模拟分子筛酸性变化。最后研究了分子筛酸性变化与正丁烷催化裂解反应能垒的关系。     

W-ZSM-5催化剂C4烯烃裂解制丙烯催化性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了W-ZSM-5催化剂,用X-射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附、NH3-TPD和H2-TPR等表征手段,研究了W的添加对HZSM-5催化剂物化性质的影响,并考察了W-ZSM-5催化剂在C4烯烃催化裂解制丙烯反应中的催化性能.结果表明,W的添加中和了催化剂的部分强酸位,降低了催化剂的酸性和酸强度,抑制了芳构化和氢转移等副反应的发生,增强了催化剂的抗积炭性能,促进了催化裂解过程中歧化反应的发生,有利于提高丙烯的选择性和收率.当W含量为3.2%时,催化剂的丙烯选择性和收率值达到最大,分别为47.4%和41.3%.     

无定形硅铝催化生物质热裂解气齐聚合成汽油的特性

选取无定形硅铝(ASA)作为生物质热裂解气齐聚反应催化剂,分析了齐聚反应前后ASA的织构性质、酸性和积碳行为的变化规律,并在固定床反应器中评价了ASA在不同反应条件(100~320℃,2.0~4.0MPa)下的齐聚反应性能.结果表明,在不同齐聚反应条件下ASA均有不同程度的酸性损失和积碳,L酸位量损失随着温度升高呈现先降低后增加的趋势,在280℃达到最低;压力的升高则有利于降低L酸位量的损失.催化剂积碳量变化与L酸位量变化趋势一致.在反应过程中,低碳烯烃转化率和汽油段产物收率随着温度和压力的升高逐渐增大,在4.0 MPa,280℃反应条件下达到最优,其乙烯、丙烯和丁烯的反应转化率分别为19.2%,37.3%和58.7%,汽油段产物收率(摩尔分数)为22.9%,C_5~+的烯烃类选择性可达73.5%.     

The influence of sub-Tg annealing on environmental stress cracking resistance of polycarbonate

To explore the effect of physical aging on environmental stress cracking (ESC) behavior of polycarbonate (PC), sub-T_g annealing was utilized as a method for accelerated aging. Injection molded samples were annealed at 130 °C for different time varying up to 96 h. A three point bending apparatus was used to evaluate critical stress for crazing and to record the variation of stress with immersion time at constant strain. The ESC results indicated that the critical stress for crazing initiation of PC in ethanol is increased by sub-T_g annealing. However, the resistance of annealed PC to ESC with immersion time during the stress relaxation test depends on the level of initial stress. When a relatively low initial stress was used, a short time (24 h) of sub-T_g annealing reduced the stress relaxation rate and decreased the number of cracks on the surface of PC. However, under higher initial stress, the stress relaxation rate of PC had a slight change only when the annealing time was prolonged about threefold (72 h). This can be explained by the formation of cohesional entanglement sites during the sub-T_g annealing process, which was demonstrated by the thermal and dynamic mechanical tests.